This contribution examines the main criminal law issues arising from the increasing diffusion of cryptocurrencies, starting from the premise that technological innovation in capital markets has profoundly transformed the circulation of value and, with it, has generated new challenges also on the sanctioning side. Following a brief overview of the different areas in which digital currencies may acquire criminal relevance, the analysis focuses on three key issues that have emerged most prominently in practice. First, the article addresses the offence of self-laundering, with particular attention to whether the acquisition of virtual currency may be qualified as an investment in financial or speculative activities, and to the role played – within the requirement of hindering the identification of the illicit origin – by the characteristics of blockchain technology. In this respect, it is highlighted that the prevailing case law, although now settled in qualifying such transactions as speculative and in presuming, to a significant extent, the existence of the hindering element, still raises critical concerns, especially with regard to stablecoins and transactions carried out through intermediaries subject to customer due diligence obligations. Secondly, the paper analyses the relationship between the offence of unauthorised financial activity under Article 166 of the Consolidated Financial Act (TUF) and the new framework introduced by Legislative Decree No. 129/2024 implementing the MiCA Regulation, shedding light on the persisting uncertainties concerning the classification of cryptocurrencies as financial products and on the potential inconsistencies in the applicable sanctioning regimes. Finally, the contribution examines market abuse offences and the offence of obstruction of supervisory authorities, highlighting their interaction with other existing offences within the field of economic criminal law.
Il contributo esamina i principali profili penalistici connessi alla diffusione delle criptovalute, muovendo dalla constatazione che l’innovazione tecnologica nel mercato dei capitali ha determinato una profonda trasformazione delle forme di circolazione del valore e, con essa, l’emersione di nuovi problemi anche sul versante sanzionatorio. Dopo un breve excursus sulle diverse aree di possibile rilevanza penale delle valute digitali, l’indagine si concentra su tre snodi applicativi che si sono imposti con maggiore evidenza nella prassi. In primo luogo, l’articolo affronta il tema dell’autoriciclaggio, soffermandosi sulla possibilità di qualificare l’acquisto di moneta virtuale come impiego in attività finanziaria o speculativa e sulla rilevanza, ai fini dell’ostacolo all’identificazione della provenienza delittuosa, delle caratteristiche della tecnologia blockchain. Si evidenzia in particolare come l’orientamento giurisprudenziale, pur ormai consolidato nel senso della natura speculativa dell’acquisto di valute virtuali e della tendenziale configurabilità in re ipsa dell’ostacolo, presenti profili problematici, specialmente con riguardo agli stablecoins e alle operazioni effettuate tramite intermediari soggetti a obblighi di identificazione. In secondo luogo, il lavoro analizza il rapporto tra l’abusivismo finanziario ex art. 166 TUF e la nuova disciplina introdotta dal d.lgs. 129/2024 in attuazione del Regolamento MiCA, mettendo in luce le persistenti incertezze circa la qualificazione delle criptovalute come prodotti finanziari e le possibili irragionevolezze del diverso trattamento sanzionatorio che ne conseguono. Infine, il contributo si sofferma sugli abusi di mercato e sull’illecito di ostacolo, sottolineando i rapporti con le altre fattispecie già in vigore nell’ambito del diritto penale dell’economia.
Gullo, Antonino; Ardizzone, Giorgio. (2026). Profili penalistici delle criptovalute. LA LEGISLAZIONE PENALE, (ISSN: 2421-552X), 1-34.
Profili penalistici delle criptovalute
Gullo Antonino
;
2026
Abstract
This contribution examines the main criminal law issues arising from the increasing diffusion of cryptocurrencies, starting from the premise that technological innovation in capital markets has profoundly transformed the circulation of value and, with it, has generated new challenges also on the sanctioning side. Following a brief overview of the different areas in which digital currencies may acquire criminal relevance, the analysis focuses on three key issues that have emerged most prominently in practice. First, the article addresses the offence of self-laundering, with particular attention to whether the acquisition of virtual currency may be qualified as an investment in financial or speculative activities, and to the role played – within the requirement of hindering the identification of the illicit origin – by the characteristics of blockchain technology. In this respect, it is highlighted that the prevailing case law, although now settled in qualifying such transactions as speculative and in presuming, to a significant extent, the existence of the hindering element, still raises critical concerns, especially with regard to stablecoins and transactions carried out through intermediaries subject to customer due diligence obligations. Secondly, the paper analyses the relationship between the offence of unauthorised financial activity under Article 166 of the Consolidated Financial Act (TUF) and the new framework introduced by Legislative Decree No. 129/2024 implementing the MiCA Regulation, shedding light on the persisting uncertainties concerning the classification of cryptocurrencies as financial products and on the potential inconsistencies in the applicable sanctioning regimes. Finally, the contribution examines market abuse offences and the offence of obstruction of supervisory authorities, highlighting their interaction with other existing offences within the field of economic criminal law.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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