Introduction: a research agenda for startups, scale-up, scale-down, and re-scaling strategies

In recent years, scale-ups have emerged as a focal point for policymakers, investors, and academics at both national and regional levels (Felzensztein and Bagheri, 2024; Van Lancker et al., 2023). These high-growth firms are increasingly recognized for their over-proportional contributions to economic development, innovation, and job creation (Jansen et al., 2023). As engines of transformation, scale-ups challenge existing market structures, redefine industries, and highlight the need for dedicated research and policy frameworks to support their unique growth trajectories. While definitions of scale-ups vary, two factors find consensus: they are relatively young firms (younger than ten years) and exhibit significant growth over a sustained period. For example, the OECD (2021) defines scale-ups as companies achieving an average annualized growth of at least 10% in employees or turnover over three years, starting from a base of at least ten employees. The European Scaleup Institute sets the bar even higher, with a growth rate of 10% and at least 50 employees (Jansen et al., 2023). These scaling firms must take fast decisions, rapidly develop capacity, and gain market share faster than competitors, all while navigating management and resource constraints (DeSantola & Gulati, 2017). This intricate process involves mastering resource allocation, leadership development, market penetration, and innovation. This book is designed for anyone intrigued by the journey of growth. Through a blend of case studies, expert insights, and actionable frameworks, it delves into the chal- lenges and opportunities that define the scale-up phase. Each chapter brings new cases, markets, industries, and perspectives, helping researchers, professors, students, and practicing managers better understand this phenomenon. Additionally, each chapter includes a research agenda, laying the groundwork for future studies on scal- ing processes.