Comparing Constitutional Provisions Regarding Parliamentary Opposition. An Introductory Note

The current deterioration of the global liberal democratic order is unveiling the dysfunctionalities and unpreparedness of the representative institutions towards new challenges, like the spread of populism or the pandemic. Parliamentary opposition is in agony along with the marginalization of parliaments and it is not infrequent that the antagonism develops out of the institutions, in illiberal ways. In such a context, can constitutional provisions on the opposition protect and ensure a safe environment for a well-functioning democracy? This essay is an introductory note that compares all the Constitutions containing Articles related specifically to the opposition, to understand if nonwestern democracies can provide an inverted Constitutional borrowing to older democracies in crisis.